Tom espaloian agertu zen baldean kare-esnea zuela, eta kirten luzeko brotxarekin. Hesiari begiratu zionean, poztasun guztia joan zitzaion eta malenkonia sakonak hartu zion arima. Hogeita hamar metro luze zen ohol-hesia, eta hiru metro altu. Bizitza hutsik iruditzen zitzaion, eta existentzia, zama astuna.

The more than 2 million predominantly bilingual Spanish speakers from different parts of Latin America who live in New York City make it an ideal setting to study language contact and dialectal leveling. The Spanish feature under study is presence versus absence of subject personal pronouns (e.g., yo canto, “I sing” ~ canto, “I sing”). Variationist sociolinguistic research is conducted through bivariate analyses of pronoun occurrence rates and multivariate hierarchical analyses of the social, grammatical, and discourse-communicative factors that probabilistically condition the use of pronouns. Statistical results based on 60,000 pronouns extracted from interviews with a stratified sample of 140 first- and second-generation Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Mexicans, and Cubans show that contact with English and convergence between speakers from different Latin American regions are molding new forms of Spanish in New York. As predicted, pronoun occurrence rates are higher, and regional rate differences are smaller, in New York than in Latin America. Ranges and rankings of constraint hierarchies are also different in New York, as predicted by contact and leveling hypotheses. The book also studies the opposite force, namely, preservation of the patterns of the Latin American reference lects, even in the Spanish of English-dominant bilinguals. No relationship is seen between pronominal patterns affected by English and reduced proficiency, and a critique is offered of the connection between simplification and incomplete acquisition.
Keywords: Spanish, New York, subject pronouns, language contact, dialectal leveling, structural continuity, variationist sociolinguistics, occurrence rates, variable hierarchies, constraint hierarchies, reference lects, bilingual lects, English-dominant bilinguals, incomplete acquisition, heritage speakers, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Mexicans, Cubans
 

Das Buch bietet einen Einblick in das Leben und die Verbreitung der Sprache einer Volksgruppe, deren Existenz und Relevanz für ein universelles Geschichtsverständnis bis heute kaum Beachtung fanden.Historische und linguistische Abhandlungen zeigen immer noch ein eindimensionales Bild von den Grundlagen der eigenen Geschichtsschreibung und -auffassung. Auf den Einfluss keltischer Sprachrelikte in den Gegenwartssprachen Europas wird heute selten oder gar nicht eingegangen. Verbreitete Annahmen und Behauptungen, europäische Geschichtsschreibung ließe sich über die Germanen als unseren unmittelbaren Vorfahren allein und schlüssig erklären, werden durch diese gesamtheitlich orientierte Sicht auf die Entwicklung des Lebens- und Sprachraumes Europas weiterentwickelt.Die vorliegende Darstellung des in Leipzig lebenden Autors stellt einen Durchbruch für ein tieferes Verständnis von Genesis und Wandel allgemeiner Orts-, Familien-, Pflanzen- und Tiernamen sowie Dialekten in europäischen Sprachen dar.Anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen, die der Autor im Verlauf mehrerer Jahrzehnte zusammenstellen konnte, wird erstmals gezeigt, welche anderen Erklärungen mit Hilfe der drei keltischen Restsprachen Europas (Gälisch, Kymrisch, Bretonisch) möglich sind.Illustrierende Texte, zahlreiche Abbildungen, tabellarische Übersichten sowie ein Orts- und Namensverzeichnis machen es dem Leser möglich, unter neuen Gesichtspunkten ein treffenderes Geschichtsbild des Lebensraumes Europa entwerfen zu können.So wird Sprache als ein Weg, Zugang zur Geschichte zu finden, lebendiger Bestandteil der Gegenwart.

Liburua gogoeta laburren bilduma bat da, funtsean. Laburtasuna ez da, nolanahi ere, aforismoraino iristen, kasu bakan batzuetan izan ezik.
Autoreak berbatura deitzen dio (eta ez literatura) darabilen hizkuntza, mintzamolde edo estiloari: ahozkotasuna izeneko esparru horretaraino mugatu gabe ere, berba edo hitzetik abiatzen dela dio bere jarduna, letra hiletik baino areago.
Mamiari dagokion aldetik, arrazoiaren jabetasuna izan liteke, zerbait izatekotan, liburuaren muina; arrazoia eduki beharrak dakarren okerra edo ezina ere bai, nolazpait. Era guztietako zerei buruzko gogoetetan agertu nahi luke autoreak egiazko arrazoi baten jabe egin ezina.
 

Gaztelako tropek Nafarroa konkistatu zuteneko bosgarren mendeurrena izan dela eta, 2012ko irailaren 7a eta 16a bitartean, Euskal Herriko Historialarien III. Biltzarra egin zen Arrasaten, Leitzan, Agoitzen eta Iruñean. Erresumaren inbasio eta okupazio hark politikan, hizkuntzan eta alor guztiguztietan izan zituen ondorioei buruzko txostenak eta komunikazioak aurkeztu zituzten puntako hogei aditu inguruk. Horien artean ziren Jean Louis Davant, Koldo Zuazo, Luis Maria Martinez Garate, Floren Aoiz, Pello Guerra, Jon Oria, Jose Luis Orella Unzue, Mikel Sorauren, Estibaliz Gonzalez Dios, Lourdes Soria Sese eta Joseba Asiron. Liburu honen bidez, txosten eta komunikazio haiek Nafarroaren historian interesa izan dezakeen edozeinen esku geratzen dira. Betiere jatorrizko hizkuntzan, hau da, euskaraz aurkeztutakoak euskaraz eta gaztelaniaz aurkeztutakoak gaztelaniaz.

Alabaina, euskarazkoek sarreratxo bat dute gaztelaniaz eta gaztelaniazkoek, berriz, euskaraz. III. Biltzarra eta haren lekuko den liburu hau 2010ean eta 2011n, Vianan eta Oñatin hurrenez hurren, Nabarraldek antolatu zituen biltzarren lana burutzera datoz.
 

Research into complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) as basic dimensions of second language performance, proficiency and development has received increased attention in SLA. However, the larger picture in this field of research is often obscured by the breadth of scope, multiple objectives and lack of clarity as to how complexity, accuracy and fluency should be defined, operationalized and measured. The present volume showcases current research on CAF by bringing together eleven contributions from renowned international researchers in the field. These contributions not only add to the body of empirical knowledge about L2 use and L2 development by bringing new research findings to light but they also address fundamental theoretical and methodological issues by responding to questions about the nature, manifestation, development and assessment of CAF as multifaceted constructs. Collectively, the chapters in this book illustrate the converging

"This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind.

"Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givón in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists.